This book delves into essential molecular biology techniques that are pivotal for contemporary research and medical diagnostics. It covers the basics of extracting genetic material, which facilitates genetic analysis, gene expression studies, and forensic applications. Detailed explanations are provided for the principles and workings of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants, including quantitative PCR, reverse transcription PCR, as well as nested, multiplex, hotstart PCR, and other major types. Blotting techniques such as Southern, Northern, and Western blots are thoroughly discussed for their role in detecting specific nucleic acids or proteins. The book also simplifies the CRISPR gene editing technology. Sequencing techniques are comprehensively reviewed, with a comparison between traditional Sanger sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies like Ion Torrent, Pyrosequencing, Nanopore, and Illumina sequencing. Their applications in genome analysis, disease diagnosis, microbial diversity, and evolutionary studies are highlighted. It is an indispensable resource for scientists, researchers, and students in the field of molecular biology.