Iran is a country with a very high level of ethnic and religious diversity as well as identity plurality. Ethnic discrimination coupled with a lack of shared standards has weakened national solidarity and cohesion, which has given rise to ethnocentrism.In most civilizations, both ancient and modern, multiplicity and variety of identities are a reigning reality.The current age has seen an expansion in identity diversity and pluralism along with other social and cultural changes. In addition to traditional identities based on race, religion, and nationality, new identities are emerging based on gender, sexual orientation, lifestyle, pseudo-religious organisations, and other measures and are also seeking recognition.This book presents a thorough history of the identity demands of different ethnic groups in Iranian as well as a thorough analysis on theoretical frameworks and current trends.