Catalysis plays an essential role in the economic growth and advancement of the chemical industry and the world economy. Catalysts manufacture approximately $ 10 trillion in goods and materials each year, including energy, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Catalysis also plays a significant role in industrial processes regarding waste minimization and improved yields of products. Among various types of catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts have several advantages over their homogeneous counterparts due to ease of product separation, noncorrosive nature, and reusability. Various heterogeneous catalysts, such as supported metals, metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and framework materials, have been developed and successfully exploited for several chemical transformations. Solid acids, mainly metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and their surface-modified forms, are used in various critical organic reactions.