The book is based on the materials of All-Russian and international scientific conferences on the topics of the middle of the second millennium, in Russia and worldwide. It explores the interrelation of events, against the background of local and global contexts. The 15th century in Europe has been sufficiently studied - as a watershed and landmark, especially as regards the history of France and England. Documents and studies on what historians call the "Tragic Fiftieth Anniversary of Europe" (1498 - 1548), as well as earlier events that took place in Central Europe and in Russia on the eve of this period - first of all, the event called in history as the "Great Stand on the Ugra River", as well as the period of formation of the Russian centralized state - are considered as factual material. The medieval world is rapidly changing its face, the synchronicity and interdependence of events has a similar matrix to what is happening in our world.