Adiponectin is the name originated from its distinctive molecular characteristics (“adipo” + “nectin” = “adiponectin”) as it is a product of novel gene apM1 which is specific to adipocytes and uniquely possess a collagen-like domain with a nectin-like adherent property. Adiponectin is the most abundant peptide secreted by adipocytes, whose altered levels play a central role in obesity-related diseases, including insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is known to exert anti-diabetic and anti-atherosclerotic effects via adiponectin receptors (Adipors); AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. Adiponectin has direct actions in liver, skeletal muscle and the vasculature. Adiponectin administration in humans and rodents has insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects and in certain settings, also decreases body weight. Therefore, adiponectin replacement therapy in humans may suggest potential versatile therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.