This manuscript has contained information regarding the microbiology and and molecular epidemiology of pneumococcus. It is useful source for academician and researchers in the field of medical microbiology. I am also interested to continue characterization of invasive pneumococcal isolates in the future. Thank you for the almighty God for his help from the start up to the end. Individuals at each health institutes are acknowledged for their support while collecting clinical specimens. Last but not least my thank goes to Scholars' Press.