In this book we investigate a variety of systems whose properties are determined by their strongly-interacting character. Among the topics discussed are the phase structure of dense quark matter, the structure and stability of neutron and quark stars, and the phases of ultracold fermions in the presence of an artificial spin-orbit coupling. While spanning an extraordinary twenty orders of magnitude in energy scales, these systems exhibit some remarkable similarities including non-perturbative many-body interactions, perfect fluid behavior, the formation of Cooper pairs, and the possibility of BCS-BEC crossovers between weakly and strongly interacting regimes. Moreover, due to phenomenal advancements in laser cooling techniques and the ability to exert an unprecedented level of control over the interactions of ultracold atomic gases, the possibility of using these systems to simulate the complex behavior of systems not easily realized in the laboratory (e.g., non-Abelian gauge fields and quantum chromodynamics) is becoming increasingly real.